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Is your code a tangled mess of business logic and side effects? Mixing database calls, network requests, and other external interactions directly with your core logic can lead to code that’s difficult to test, reuse, and understand. Instead, consider writing a functional core that’s called from an imperative shell.
Separating your code into functional cores and imperative shells makes it more testable, maintainable, and adaptable. The core logic can be tested in isolation, and the imperative shell can be swapped out or modified as needed. Here’s some messy example code that mixes logic and side effects to send expiration notification emails to users:
// Bad: Logic and side effects are mixed function sendUserExpiryEmail(): void { for (const user of db.getUsers()) { if (user.subscriptionEndDate > Date.now()) continue; if (user.isFreeTrial) continue; email.send(user.email, "Your account has expired " + user.name + “.”); } } |
A functional core should contain pure, testable business logic, which is free of side effects (such as I/O or external state mutation). It operates only on the data it is given.
An imperative shell is responsible for side effects, like database calls and sending emails. It uses the functions in your functional core to perform the business logic.
Rewriting the above code to follow the functional core / imperative shell pattern might look like:
Functional core |
function getExpiredUsers(users: User[], cutoff: Date): User[] { return users.filter(user => user.subscriptionEndDate <= cutoff && !user.isFreeTrial); } function generateExpiryEmails(users: User[]): Array<[string, string]> { return users.map(user => ([user.email, “Your account has expired “ + user.name + “.”]) ); } |
Imperative shell |
email.bulkSend(generateExpiryEmails(getExpiredUsers(db.getUsers(), Date.now()))); |
Now that the code is following this pattern, adding a feature to send a new type of email is as simple as writing a new pure function and reusing getExpiredUsers:
// Sending a reminder email to users function generateReminderEmails(users: User[], cutoff: Date): Array<[string, string]> {...} const fiveDaysFromNow = ... email.bulkSend(generateReminderEmails(getExpiredUsers(db.getUsers(), fiveDaysFromNow))); |
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By socketcluster 2025-10-2722:0111 reply Even large companies are still grasping at straws when it comes to good code. Meanwhile there are articles I wrote years ago which explain clearly from first principles why the correct philosophy is "Generic core, specific shell."
I actually remember early in my career working for a small engineering/manufacturing prototyping firm which did its own software, there was a senior developer there who didn't speak very good English but he kept insisting that the "Business layer" should be on top. How right he was. I couldn't imagine how much wisdom and experience was packed in such simple, malformed sentences. Nothing else matters really. Functional vs imperative is a very minor point IMO, mostly a distraction.
"Generic core, specific shell."
Your advice is the opposite of "functional core, imperative shell". The FCIS principle has IS which is generic, to be simple, because it's usually hard to test (it deals with resources and external dependencies). So by being simple, it's more unit testable.
On the other hand, FC is where the business logic lives, which can be complex and specific. The reason why you want that "functional" (really just another name for "composable from small blocks") is because it can be tested for validity without external dependencies.
So the IS shields you from technicalities of external dependencies, like what kind of quirks your DB has, or are we sending data over network or writing to the file, or does the user inputs comands in spanish or english, do you display the green square or blue triangle to indicate the report is ready, etc.
On the other hand, FC deals with the actual business logic (what you want to do), which can be both generic and specific. These are just different types of building blocks (we call them functions) living in the FC.
FCIS is exemplified by user-shell interaction. The user (FC) dictates the commands and interprets the output, according to her "business needs". While the shell (IS) simply runs the commands, without any questions of their purpose. It's not the job of IS to verify or handle user errors caused by wrong commands.
But the user doesn't do stuff on her own; you could take her to a pub and she would tell you the same sequence of commands when facing the same situation. In that sense, the user is "functional" - independent on the actual state of the computer system, like the return value of a mathematical function is only dependent on the arguments.
Another example is MVC, where M is the FC and VC is the IS. Although it's not always exactly like that, for variety of reasons.
You can think of IS as a translator to a different language, understood by "the other systems", while the FC is there to supply what is actually being communicated.
I disagree that these two pieces of advice are opposed. I think they are orthogonal at worst, and in agreement at best.
"Functional core, imperative shell" (FCIS) is a matter of implementing individual software components that need to engage with side-effects --- that is, they have some impact on some external resources. Rather than threading representations of the external resources throughout the implementation, FCIS tells us to expel those concerns to the boundary. This makes the bulk of the component easier to reason about, being concerned with pure values and mere descriptions of effects, and minimizes the amount of code that must deal with actual effects (i.e. turning descriptions of effects into actual effects). It's a matter of comprehensibility and testability, which I'll clumsily categorize as "verification": "Does it do what it's supposed to do?"
"Generic core, specific shell" (GCSS) is a matter of addressing needs in context. The problems we need solved will shift over time; rather than throwing away a solution and re-solving the new problem from scratch, we'd prefer to only change the parts that need changing. GCSS tells us we shouldn't simply solve the one and only problem in front of us; we should use our eyes and ears and human brains to understand the context in which that problem exists. We should produce a generic core that can be applied to a family of related problems, and adapt that to our specific problem at any specific time using a, yes, specific shell. It's a matter of adaptability and solving the right problem, which I'll clumsily categorize as "validation": "Is what it's supposed to do what we actually need it to do?"
Ideally, GCSS is applied recursively: a specific shell may adapt an only slightly more generic core, which then decomposes into a smaller handful of problems that are themselves implemented with GCSS. When business needs change in a way that the outermost "generic core" can't cover, odds are still good that some (or all) of its components can still be applied in solving the new top-level problem. FCIS isn't really amenable to the same recursion.
Both verification and validation activities are necessary. One is a matter of internal consistency within the component; the other is a matter of external consistency relative to the context the component is being used in. FCIS and GCSS advise on how to address each concern in turn.
By socketcluster 2025-11-029:29 Glad to see that other people have come to a similar conclusion as I did. I don't understand why the industry hasn't been able to form much consensus around this.
You look at electronics and vehicles, the components inside are generic, many devices use exactly the same internal components... All the internal components are chosen specifically for their ability to handle a wide range of conditions (pressure, heat, electromagnetic interference) and also based on how broadly compatible they are with other components and tools... But somehow, when it comes to software, we treat it as if it's completely different.
There is a lot of value in using generic components which can handle a wide range of use cases. You want to avoid changing dependencies as much as possible because it takes time and effort to write robust code. You want a solid foundation which can solve a well defined (but not necessarily narrow) range of problems. Some modules can be used to solve many different problems, in completely different business domains but they may have a very simple, well defined interface. Think of a screw... Very simple, well-defined interface, can be applied to a huge range of use cases.
> I think they are orthogonal at worst, and in agreement at best.
I have considered them being orthogonal, but then the definition of the "shell" and "core" becomes problematic in this comparison. What you call shell in GCSS is not shell in FCIS at all, more like a boundary. Even there it is questionable whether boundary should be more specific than the core. At the core, things can be more integrated than at the boundary, and so it can have more business-specific logic.
The definition question is, if you take an application, where is the business logic, is it in the "core" or not? I would say it is, literally what the application's main purpose is its "core". And "shell" is similarly well-defined. For example, UI without an engine implementing the actual logic is just a "shell".
I am not disputing GP's advice as you understand it, although I feel it is perhaps a little bit simplistic if not tautological ("prefer generic building blocks where possible"), and really muddles up what the core and shell is in the FCIS meaning.
By garethrowlands 2025-10-289:282 reply One way to get some intuition with FCIS is to write some Haskell.
Because Haskell programs pretty much have to be FCIS or they won't compile.
How it plays out is...
1. A Haskell program executes side effects (known as `IO` in Haskell). The type of the `main` program is `IO ()`, meaning it does some IO and doesn't return a value - a program is not a function
2. A Haskell program (code with type `IO`) can call functions. But since functions are pure in Haskell, they can't call code in `IO`.
3. This doesn't actually restrict what you can do but it does influence how you write your code. There are a variety of patterns that weren't well understood until the 1990s or later that enable it. For example, a pure Haskell function can calculate an effectful program to execute. Or it can map a pure function in a side-effecting context. Or it can pipe pure values to a side-effecting stream.
I used to write lots of haskell before deciding it didn't meet my needs. However, the experience provided lots of long-term benefits, including a FCIS design mindset.
Recently, I did a major python refactoring project, converting a prototype/hack/experiment into a production-quality system. The prototype heavily intermixed IO and app logic, and I needed to write unit tests for the production system. Even with fixtures and mocking, unit testing was painful and laborious, so our test coverage was lousy.
Partitioning the core classes into pure and impure components was the big win. Unit testing became trivial and we caught lots of bugs in the original business logic. More recently, we changed the IO from files to a DB and having encapsulated the IO was also a win.
May I ask you how you model your functional code in Python, in absence of Haskell's algebraic data types?
By ynhatex 2025-10-290:08 Full algebraic data types wouldn't have added much here. Product types are already everywhere, and we didn't need sum or exponential types.
Splitting IO and pure code was just routine refactoring, not a full redesign. Our app logic wasn't strictly pure because it generates pseudorandom numbers and logs events, but practically speaking, splitting the IO and shell from the relatively pure app logic made for much cleaner code.
In retrospect, I consider FCIS a good practice that I first learned with Haskell. It's valuable elsewhere, even when used in a less formal way than Haskell mandates.
By js8 2025-10-2813:32 I agree with the suggestion to study Haskell, I like Haskell quite a lot (although I don't write applications in it).
> then the definition of the "shell" and "core" becomes problematic in this comparison
I agree -- if you're trying to make the words "shell" and "core" mean the same things between FCIS and GCSS, or identify the same parts of a program, then there will be problems. I think FCIS and GCSS are just two different ways of analyzing a program into pieces. Just as the number 8 can be seen through addition as 3 + 8 and through multiplication as 2 * 4, a program can be analyzed in multiple ways. If you view a program through the lens of FCIS, you expect to see a broad region of the program in which side-effects don't occur and a narrow region in which they do. If you view a program through the lens of GCSS, you expect to see broad parts of the program that solve general problems, and narrower regions in which those problems are instantiated in specific. The narrower regions are all "shell"-shaped, but that doesn't mean they are "the" shell. They have in common simply that they wrap a bulk of functionality to interface it to a larger context.
> At the core, things can be more integrated than at the boundary, and so it can have more business-specific rules.
I tend to disagree. Decomposition is a fundamental part of software engineering: we decompose a large problem into smaller ones, solve those, them compose those solutions into a solution to the large problem (c.f. Parnas' "On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules"). It is often easier to solve a more general problem than the one originally given (Polya's principle). Combining the two yields GCSS.
A solution to each individual small problem can be construed as having its own generic core, and the principles used in composing sibling solutions constitute the specific shells that wrap them, allow them to interface, and together implement a solution to a higher-level problem.
Because there are multiple of these "cores", each solving a decomposed part of the top-level problem, it's hard for me to see how "At the core, things can be more integrated than at the boundary".
> The definition question is, if you take an application, where is the business logic, is it in the "core" or not?
I don't mean to be a sophist, but I think I need a more precise meaning of "business logic" before I can answer this question. In the process of solving successively smaller (and more general) problems, we abstract away from the totality of the business problem being solved, and address smaller and less-specific aspects of that problem. It may be that each subproblem's solution is architected as an individual instance of FCIS, as is often argued for microservice architectures; or that each subproblem is purely functional and only the top-level solution is wrapped in an imperative core; or anywhere in between. Needless to say, I think that choice is orthogonal.
As a result, I would say that the business logic itself has been factorized and distributed across the many subproblems and their solutions, and that indeed the "specific shell"s that are responsible for specializing solutions toward the specific case of the business need may necessarily include business logic. For instance, when automating a business process, one often needs to perform a complex step A before a complex step B. While both A and B might be independently solvable, orchestrating them together is still "business logic", because they need to be performed in order according to business needs.
(In all of this, perhaps you can see why I don't think the "core" and "shell" of FCIS should be identified with the "core" and "shell" of GCSS. Words are allowed to have contextual meanings!)
"Words are allowed to have contextual meanings"
Sure, but this discussion is about FCIS, that's the context, and the GP should consider that.
" think I need a more precise meaning of "business logic" before I can answer this question"
Well, some examples. A tax application - the tax calculation according to the law. A word processor - layouting and rendering engine. A video game - something that calculates the state of the world, according to the rules of the game.
So a game is a good example where the core can be more specialized than the shell. You can imagine a generic UI library shared by a bunch of games, but a generic game rules engine - that's just a programming language.
"Decomposition is a fundamental part of software engineering: we decompose a large problem into smaller ones, solve those, them compose those solutions into a solution to the large problem"
There is a big misconception in SW engineering that the above decomposition always exists in a meaningful way. Take the tax calculation for example. That cannot be decomposed into pieces that are generic, and potentially reusable elsewhere. It's just a list of rules and exceptions that need to be implemented as stated. You can decompose it into "1st part of calculation" and "2nd part of calculation", but that's meaningless (unhelpful). (Similarly for the game example above, the rules only exist in the context of other rules.)
Surprisingly many problems are like that, and that makes them kinda difficult to test.
> Take the tax calculation for example. That cannot be decomposed into pieces that are generic, and potentially reusable elsewhere. It's just a list of rules and exceptions that need to be implemented as stated. You can decompose it into "1st part of calculation" and "2nd part of calculation", but that's meaningless (unhelpful). (Similarly for the game example above, the rules only exist in the context of other rules.)
As someone who does this himself for taxes, you're looking only at the "specific shell" part. The generic core is the thing that does the math - spreadsheet, database, whatever. The tax rules are then imposed on top of that core.
Well you can claim that the core is the programming language, in which we write those tax rules, but that's not a very useful distinction IMHO (for how to write programs in the language).
That's only the case where a usable generic core already exists. A great example where it didn't exist is python's "requests" library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
The example on the homepage is the "specific shell" - simple and easy to use, and by far the most common usage, but if you scroll down the table of contents on the API page (https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/) you'll see sections titled "Lower-Level Classes" and "Lower-Lower-Level Classes" - that's the generic core, which the upper level is implemented in terms of.
By Twisol 2025-10-2818:47 I like this example :) Another good example might be Git's distinction between "porcelain" and "plumbing"; the porcelain is implemented in terms of the plumbing, and gives a nicer* interface in terms of what people generally want to do with Git, but the plumbing is what actually does all the general, low-level stuff.
* opinions vary
By Twisol 2025-10-2814:11 > Take the tax calculation for example. That cannot be decomposed into pieces that are generic, and potentially reusable elsewhere.
Quite right! However, the tax code does change with some regularity, and we can expect that companies like Intuit should have gotten quite good by now -- even on a pure profit motive -- at making it possible to relatively quickly modify only the parts of their products that require updating to the latest tax code. To put it another way, while it might be the case that the tax code for any given year is not amenable to decomposition, all tax codes within a certain span of years might be specific instances of a more general problem. (I recall a POPL keynote some years back that argued for formalizing tax codes in terms of default logic!) By solving that general problem, you can instantiate your solution on the given year's tax code without needing to recreate the entire program from scratch.
To be clear, I'm the one who brought subproblem decomposition into the mix, and we shouldn't tar the top-level commenter with that brush unnecessarily. Of course some problems will be un-decomposable "leaves". I believe their original point, about a specific business layer sitting on top of a more general core, still applies.
> So a game is a good example where the core can be more specialized than the shell. You can imagine a generic UI library shared by a bunch of games, but a generic game rules engine - that's just a programming language.
As it happens, the "ECS pattern" (Entity, Component, and System) is often considered to be a pretty good way of conceptualizing the rules of a game. An ECS framework solves the general problem (of associating components to entities and executing the systems that act over them), and a game developer adapts an ECS framework to their specific needs. The value in this arrangement is precisely that, as the game evolves and takes shape, only the logic specific to the game needs to be changed. The underlying ECS framework is on the whole just as appropriate for one game as for any other.
(I could also make a broader point about game engines like Unity and Unreal, and how so many games these days take the "general" problem solved by these engines and adapt them to the "specific" problem of their particular game. In general, nobody particularly wants to make engine-level changes for each experiment during the development of a game, even though sometimes a particular concept for a game demands a new engine.)
> Sure, but this discussion is about FCIS, that's the context, and the GP should consider that.
I understood the original commenter as criticizing FCIS (or at least the original post, as "grasping for straws") and suggesting that GCSS is generally more appropriate. In that context, I think it's natural to interpret their use of "core" and "shell" as competing rather than concordant with FCIS.
By netdevphoenix 2025-10-2816:512 reply >GCSS tells us we shouldn't simply solve the one and only problem in front of us; we should use our eyes and ears and human brains to understand the context in which that problem exists
This violates KISS and YAGNI and potentially leads to overengineering code and excessive abstraction
Everything "potentially leads" to adverse outcomes if not applied with due care and cognizance. That includes KISS and YAGNI. If you're looking for a principle you can apply in 100% of cases without consideration of context, I'm afraid you'll need to shop elsewhere.
By netdevphoenix 2025-10-319:52 > if not applied with due care and cognizance
That's the gotcha though. Everything applied with due care and cognizance works. This is not what is being discussed here. What the author suggests does lead to overengineering though. Think of stereotypical enterprise Java code if you need examples
The context was "business", that kind of application is developed quite differently than, say, a cool little hobby terminal emulator or whatever.
Even though the business currently doesn't have a need to e.g. support any other currency than USD and EUR, an experienced developer will clearly see that it is unlikely to stay that way for long, so doing some preliminary preparation for generalizing currencies may well worth the time.
By netdevphoenix 2025-10-319:51 >Even though the business currently doesn't have a need to e.g. support any other currency than USD and EUR
Your regular business requirements are way more complex than just a currency list. This is like trying to justify your point using an oversimplified example imo.
By bccdee 2025-10-2814:53 I think the "generic core" is often a SQL database or other such generic storage/analytics layer, while the "functional core" is the business logic that operates on the specific domain objects.
By zelphirkalt 2025-10-2810:30 A functional core can actually be very generic. There is nothing in the functional paradigm, that makes functions less generic. They are as generic or specific as you write them.
> Even large companies are still grasping at straws when it comes to good code
Probably many reasons for this, but what I've seen often is that once the code base has been degraded, it's a slippery slope downhill after that.
Adding functionality often requires more hacks. The alternative is to fix the mess, but that's not part of the task at hand.
By stitched2gethr 2025-10-2723:431 reply I've seen it many times. And then every task takes longer than the last one, which is what pushes teams to start rewrites. "There's never enough time to do it right, but always time to do it again."
> Probably many reasons for this, but what I've seen often is that once the code base has been degraded, it's a slippery slope downhill after that.
Another factor, and perhaps the key factor, is that contrary to OP's extraordinary claim there is no such thing as objectively good code, or one single and true way of writing good code.
The crispest definition of "good code" is that it's not obviously bad code from a specific point of view. But points of view are also subjective.
Take for example domain-driven design. There are a myriad of books claiming it's an effective way to generate "good code". However, DDD has a strong object-oriented core, to the extent it's nearly a purist OO approach. But here we are, seeing claims that the core must be functional.
If OP's strong opinion on "good code" is so clear and obvious, why are there such critical disagreements at such a fundamental levels? Is everyone in the world wrong, and OP is the poor martyr that is cursed with being the only soul in the whole world who even knows what "good code" is?
Let's face it: the reason there is no such thing as "good code" is that opinionated people making claims such as OP's are actually passing off "good code" claims as proxy's for their own subjective and unverified personal taste. In a room full of developers, if you throw a rock at a random direction you're bound to hit one or two of these messiahs, and neither of them agrees on what good code is.
Hearing people like OP comment on "good code" is like hearing people comment on how their regional cuisine is the true definition of "good food".
> However, DDD has a strong object-oriented core
The original 2003 DDD book is very 2003 in that it is mired in object orientation to the point of frequently referencing object databases¹ as a state-of-the-art storage layer.
However, the underlying ideas are not strongly married to object orientation and they fit quite nicely in a functional paradigm. In fact, ideas like the entity/value object distinction are rather functional in and of themselves, and well-suited to FCIS.
> The original 2003 DDD book is very 2003 in that it is mired in object orientation to the point of frequently referencing object databases¹ as a state-of-the-art storage layer.
Irrelevant, as a) that's just your own personal and very subjective opinion, b) DDD is extensively documented as the one true way to write "good code", which means that by posting your comment you are unwittingly proving the point.
> However, the underlying ideas are not strongly married to object orientation and they fit quite nicely in a functional paradigm.
"Underlying ideas" means cherry-picking opinions that suit your fancy while ignoring those that don't.
The criticism on anemic domain models, which are elevated to the status of anti-pattern, is more than enough to reject any claim on how functional programming is compatible with DDD.
And that's perfectly fine. Not being DDD is not a flaw or a problem. It just means it's something other than DDD.
But the point that this proves is that there is no one true way of producing "good code". There is no single recipe. Anyone who makes this sort of claim is either both very naive and clueless, or is invested in enforcing personal tastes and opinions as laws of nature.
By dangets 2025-10-2822:52 > "Underlying ideas" means cherry-picking opinions that suit your fancy while ignoring those that don't.
Yes, that is how terminology evolves to not meet a rigid definition that was defined in a different era of best-practice coding beliefs. I'll admit I had trouble mapping the DDD OO concepts from the original book(s) to systems I work on now, but there are more recent resources that use the spirit of DDD, Domain Separation, and Domain Modeling outside of OO contexts. You're right in that there is no single recipe - take the good ideas and practices from DDD and apply it as appropriate.
And if the response is "that's not DDD", well you're fighting uphill against others that have co-opted the buzzword as well.
- https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/architecture/micros... - https://www.infoq.com/news/2013/06/actor-model-ddd/
By bccdee 2025-10-3019:40 > Irrelevant, as a) that's just your own personal and very subjective opinion
Yes? And it's just your personal, subjective opinion that this is irrelevant. Most meaningful judgments are subjective. Get used to it.
> DDD is extensively documented as the one true way to write "good code"
Who said this? I've seen it described as a good way to write code, and as a way of avoiding problems that can crop up in other styles. But never as the only way to write good code.
> "Underlying ideas" means cherry-picking opinions that suit your fancy while ignoring those that don't.
No it doesn't. What? The only way I can make sense of what you're saying is if you're cynical toward the very concept of analyzing ideas, which is perhaps the most anti-intellectual stance I can imagine.
> The criticism on anemic domain models [...] is more than enough to reject any claim on how functional programming is compatible with DDD.
Why would an author's criticism of a certain style of OOP make a methodology they have written about incompatible with non-OOP paradigms? That's like saying that it's impossible to make strawberry ice cream because the person who invented ice cream hates strawberries.
> But the point that this proves is that there is no one true way of producing "good code".
There's no "one true way" to build a "good bridge," but that doesn't mean bridge design is all a matter of taste. Suspension bridges can carry a lot more than beam bridges; if you want to drive 18-wheelers across a wide river, a beam bridge will collapse, while a suspension bridge will probably be "good."
> However, DDD has a strong object-oriented core, to the extent it's nearly a purist OO approach
Really?
By JoelMcCracken 2025-10-2814:17 Yeah, I haven’t read Scott’s books, but my understanding of ddd is such that it should be extremely applicable to DDD.
DDD is described in terms of OOP, but really imo it makes far more sense in fp contexts.
By quietbritishjim 2025-10-2811:411 reply > Meanwhile there are articles I wrote years ago which explain clearly from first principles why the correct philosophy is ...
I think this is a very common mistake. You've spent years, maybe decades, writing code and now you want to magically transfer all that experience in a few succinct articles. But no advice that you give about "the correct philosophy" is going to instantly transfer enough knowledge to make all large companies write good code, if only they followed it. Instead, I'm sure it's valuable advice, but more along the lines of a fragment within a single day of learning for a diligent developer.
A company I worked recently had a more extreme version of this mistake. It had software written in the 1980s based on a development process by Michael Jackson (no, not that one!), a software researcher that had spent his whole career trying to come up with silly processes that were meant to fix software development once and for all; he wrote whole books about it. I remember reading a recent interview with him where he mourns that developers today are interested in new programming languages but not development methodologies. (The code base I worked on was fine by the way, given that it was 40 years old, but not really because of this Jackson stuff.)
I'm reminded of the Joel on Software article [1] where he compares talented (naturally or through experience) developers as being like really talented expert chefs, and those following some methodology as being like people working at McDonald's.
[1] https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2001/01/18/big-macs-vs-the-na...
> But no advice that you give about "the correct philosophy" is going to instantly transfer enough knowledge to make all large companies write good code, if only they followed it.
Good old "Programming as Theory Building". It's almost impossible to achieve this kind of transfer without already having the requisite lived experience.
By naasking 2025-10-2816:04 "The astronomer may speak to you of his understanding of space, but he cannot give you his understanding." ~ Kahlil Gibran ~
By frank_nitti 2025-10-2722:343 reply These are great and succinct, yours and your teammate’s.
I still find myself debating this internally, but one objective metric is how smoothly my longer PTOs go:
The only times I haven’t received a single emergency call were when I left teammates a a large and extremely specific set of shell scripts and/or executables that do exactly one thing. No configs, no args/opts (or ridiculously minimal), each named something like run-config-a-for-client-x-with-dataset-3.ps1 that took care of everything for one task I knew they’d need. Just double click this file when you get the new dataset, or clone/rename it and tweak line #8 if you need to run it for a new client, that kind of thing.
Looking inside the scripts/programs looks like the opposite of all of the DRY or any similar principles I’ve been taught (save for KISS and others similarly simplistic)
But the result speaks for itself. The further I go down that excessively basic path, the more people can get work done without me online, and I get to enjoy PTO. Anytime i make a slick flexible utility with pretty code and docs, I get the “any chance you could hop on?” text. Put the slick stuff in the core libraries and keep the executables dumb
I see a similar problem in infra-land where people expose too many config variables for too many things, creating more cruft. Knowing what to hardcode and what to expose as a var is something a lot of devs don't seem to understand; and don't realise they don't understand.
By frank_nitti 2025-10-2814:36 Oh definitely, many headaches untangling massive “variables.tf” files where the value is identical in 100% of the target environments, and would be nonsensical to change without corresponding changes in the infra config resources/modules as well.
My favorite are things where security policy mandates something like private networking and RBAC, and certain resources only have meaning in those contexts, for heavens sake why are we making their basic args like “enforce_tls” or “assign_public_ip” or “enable_rbac” into variable params for the user to figure out
By timpieces 2025-10-2723:41 Yes I feel that when to apply certain techniques is frequently under-discussed. But I can't blame people for err-ing on the side of 'do everything properly' - as this makes life more pleasant in teams. Although I think if you squint, the principle still applies to your example. The further you get from the 'core' of your platform/application/business/what-have-you, the less abstract you need to be.
By chamomeal 2025-10-284:24 That is pretty convincing advice!! Maybe I’ll try writing more specific scripts.
By lelanthran 2025-10-287:56 > the correct philosophy is "Generic core, specific shell."
> Nothing else matters really. Functional vs imperative is a very minor point IMO, mostly a distraction.
I'm torn on this. This really is the faster way to higher quality.
OTOH, if more developers knew this, I wouldn't be so much more faster when I create my systems for clients. I'd just be a "normal 1x dev".
I like implementing features, sans AI-assistance, in my LoB applications faster than devs with Claude code doing so on their $FRAMEWORK.
By zelphirkalt 2025-10-2810:28 Non-functional core tends to become a buggy mess, with workarounds in the shell to account for those bugs, and then one needs to know about the nature of the core to correctly use the shell and so on. Functional core will lend itself very well to unit tests. Writing them will almost be trivial, when functional core is done right. Imperative shell is then less of an issue, because the blast radius of bugs is reduced to one usage of the core. The imperative shell should be kept as small as reasonably possible of course.
By zelphirkalt 2025-10-2810:38 I would even go so far to say, that large companies even struggle with this more than small ones. The amount of people needing to know how to build things properly is larger than in a small company, where one knowledgeable engineer might already be sufficient. Too many cooks spoiling the soup(/broth?). And lots of people are cooking these days.
By ericmcer 2025-10-2817:17 Isn't this saying business layer should not be on the top?
Business layers should be accessible via an explicit interface/shape that is agnostic to the layers above it. So if the org decides to move from mailchimp to some other email provider the business logic can remain untouched and you just need to write some code mapping the new provider to the business logic's interface.
Maybe our visualizations are mixed up, but I always viewed things like cloud providers, libraries etc. as potentially short lived whereas the core logic could stick around forever.
By veqq 2025-10-2722:34 > The more specific, the more brittle. The more general, the more stable. Concerns evolve/decay at different speeds, so do not couple across shearing layers. Notice how grammar/phonology (structure) changes slowly while vocabulary (functions, services) changes faster.
...
> Coupling across layers invites trouble (e.g. encoding business logic with “intuitive” names reflecting transient understanding). When requirements shift (features, regulations), library maintainers introduce breaking changes or new processor architectures appear, our stable foundations, complected with faster-moving parts, still crack!
https://alexalejandre.com/programming/coupling-language-and-...
By spoiler 2025-10-2810:35 In my head, and the way its describe the generic and specific are swapped. The core handles a specific, pure problem. The core is generic (do you get the data via http, databases, filesystem, etc) then becomes irrelevant to the core problem
"Specific on the surface, generic underneath" (Medium paywalled): https://medium.com/tech-renaissance/generic-internals-specif...
By xenophonf 2025-10-290:55 > While internal modules and libraries should be kept as generic as possible, external-facing components, on the other hand, are a good place to put business-specific domain logic. External-facing components here refer not only to views but also to any kind of externally-triggered handlers including external API endpoints (e.g. HTTP/REST API handlers).
That goes against every bit of advice and training I've ever gotten, not to mention my experience designing, testing, and implementing APIs. Business logic belongs in the data model because of course the rules for doing things go with the things they operate on. API endpoints should limit themselves to access control, serialization, and validation/deserialization. Business logic in the endpoint handler—or worse, in the user interface—mixes up concerns in ways that are difficult to validate and maintain.
Bertrand Meyer suggested another way to consider this that ends up in a similar place.
For concerns of code complexity and verification, code that asks a question and code that acts on the answers should be separated. Asking can be done as pure code, and if done as such, only ever needs unit tests. The doing is the imperative part, and it requires much slower tests that are much more expensive to evolve with your changing requirements and system design.
The one place this advice falls down is security - having functions that do things without verifying preconditions are exploitable, and they are easy to accidentally expose to third party code through the addition of subsequent features, even if initially they are unreachable. Sun biffed this way a couple of times with Java.
But for non crosscutting concerns this advice can also be a step toward FC/IS, both in structuring the code and acclimating devs to the paradigm. Because you can start extracting pure code sections in place.
Command-Query Separation is the term for that. However, I find this statement odd:
> having functions that do things without verifying preconditions are exploitable
Why would you do this? The separation between commands and queries does not mean that executing a command must succeed. It can still fail. Put queries inside the commands (but do not return the query results, that's the job of the query itself) and branch based on the results. After executing a command which may fail, you can follow it with a query to see if it succeeded and, if not, why not.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command%E2%80%93query_separati...
I think CQRS is something different than what’s being described here. “Query” code in CQRS can still “do stuff”: call an external database, grab locks, audit trail recording etc.
What’s being described here is something lower level, that you keep as much code as you can as a side-effect-free “pure functional core”. That pattern is useful both for the “command” and “query” side of a CQRS system, and is not the same thing as CQRS
By mexicocitinluez 2025-10-2810:532 reply It's not about literally doing things (ie logging) it's about the intent.
Query and ask are synonyms and represent the same idea in this context.
By jakewins 2025-10-2815:57 The fact that “query” and “ask” are synonyms in English does not make the patterns the same.
The key design goal in this thread was to create a pure functional core, which you can “ask” things of. That pattern is useful on both the command and query side of a CQRS system, and a different thing from splitting up mutating and reading operations as CQRS proposes
Maybe I misunderstand you though. Say you have a CQRS system that reads and writes to a database. Are you proposing the query side be implemented in pure side-effect-free functional code? How should the pure code make the network calls to the database?
By stonemetal12 2025-10-2816:092 reply Then why the weird assertion that "command" code can only do things and not validate input?
By jakewins 2025-10-2817:00 That is not something that’s necessary for all CQRS systems, but maybe is something you’ve heard for the subset that people call “Event Sourcing”? There it’s a design goal that the system only records events that are occurring, so there’s no domain level validation that can be done on the command path - the user pressed the button whether we like it or not, so to speak. Whether the event has the intended effect is worked out after the event is recorded.
But there’s nothing in the more general idea of “separate reads from writes” that mandates “no validation on writes”
By Jtsummers 2025-10-2816:59 Commands can validate their input in CQS. What they don't do, in strict CQS, is return values. They can set state which can then be queried after execution which can let you retrieve an updated result or check to see if an error occurred during execution or whatever.
By Jtsummers 2025-10-2817:04 If by "described here" you mean the article, yes, it is not about CQRS or CQS. I was responding to hinkley who was referencing CQS as defined by (or at least popularized by) Meyer in his Eiffel language and books on OO programming.
In asynchronous environments, you may not be able to repeat the same query with the same result (unless you control a cache of results, which has its own issues). If some condition is determined by the command’s implementation that subsequent code is interested in (a condition that isn’t preventing the command from succeeding), it’s generally more robust for the command to return that information to the caller, who then can make use of it. But now the command is also a query.
I can’t decide if this really is the biggest problem with CQS. Certainly the wiki page claims it is, and it’s a reasonable argument. For some simpler cases you could dodge it by wrapping the function pairs/tuples in a lock. Database calls are a bit sketchy, because a transaction only “fixes” the problem if you ignore the elephant in the room which is reduced system parallelism by a measurable amount because even in an MVCC database transactions aren’t free. They’re just cheaper.
Caches always mess up computational models because they turn all reads into writes. Which makes things you could say with static analysis no longer true. I know a lot of tricks for making systems faster and I’ve hardly ever seen anyone apply most of them to systems after caching was introduced. It has one upside and dozens of downsides as bad or worse than this one.
By bccdee 2025-10-3020:56 One of the big benefits of CQRS is that everything becomes asynchronous, and you can handle write-heavy data with stream processing. Implementing distributed locks across your stream processing system is... unpleasant to contemplate.
If you really need locks, that generally locks you out of this kind of architecture, which makes the CQRS value proposition much flimsier.
> it’s generally more robust for the command to return that information to the caller, who then can make use of it. But now the command is also a query.
You don't need the command to return anything (though it can be more efficient or convenient). It can set state indicating, "Hey, I was called but by the time I tried to do the thing the world and had changed and I couldn't. Try using a lock next time."
The caller can still obtain a result following the command, though it does mean the caller now has to explicitly retrieve a status rather than getting it in the return value.if (query(?)) { command(x) result := status(x) // ShouldHaveUsedALockError }Where is that state stored, in an environment where the same command could be executed with the same parameters but resulting in a different status, possibly in parallel? How do you connect the particular command execution with the particular resulting status? And if you manage to do so, what is actually won over the command just returning the status?
I’d argue that the separation makes things worse here, because it creates additional hidden state.
Also, as I stated, this is not about error handling.
By codebje 2025-10-281:34 CQRS should really only guide you to designing separate query and command interfaces. If your processing is asynchronous then you have no choice but to have state about processing-in-flight, and your commands should return an acknowledgement of successful receipt of valid commands with a unique identifier for querying progress or results. If your processing is synchronous make your life easier by just returning the result. Purity of CQRS void-only commands is presentation fodder, not practicality.
(One might argue that all RPC is asynchronous; all such arguments eventually lead to message buses, at-least-once delivery, and the reply-queue pattern, but maybe that's also just presentation fodder.)
> Why would you do this?
Performance and re-use are two possible reasons.
You may have a command sub-routine that is used by multiple higher-level commands, or even called multiple times within by a higher-level command. If the validation lives in the subroutine, that validation will be called multiple times, even when it only needs to be called once.
So you are forced to choose either efficiency or the security of colocating validation, which makes it impossible to call the sub-routine with unvalidated input.
By Jtsummers 2025-10-2720:42 Perhaps I was unclear, to add to my comment:
hinkley poses this as a fault in CQS, but CQS does not require your commands to always succeed. Command-Query Separation means your queries return values, but produce no effects, and your commands produce effects, but return no values. Nothing in that requires you to have a command which always succeeds or commands which don't make use of queries (queries cannot make use of commands, though). So a better question than what I originally posed:
My "Why would you do this?" is better expanded to: Why would you use CQS in a way that makes your system less secure (or safe or whatever) when CQS doesn't actually require that?
The example in the wiki page is far more rudimentary than the ones I encountered when I was shown this concept. Trivial, in fact.
CQS will rely on composition to do any If A Then B work, rather than entangling the two. Nothing forces composition except information hiding. So if you get your interface wrong someone can skip over a query that is meant to short circuit the command. The constraint system in Eiffel I don’t think is up to providing that sort of protection on its own (and the examples I was given very much assumed not). Elixir’s might end up better, but not by a transformative degree. And it remains to be seen how legible that code will be seen as by posterity.
That's still not really answering my question for you, which was less clear than intended. To restate it:
> The one place this advice falls down is security - having functions that do things without verifying preconditions are exploitable
My understanding of your comment was that "this advice" is CQS. So you're saying that CQS commands do not verify preconditions and that this is a weakness in CQS, in particular.
Where did you get the idea that CQS commands don't verify preconditions? I've never seen anything in any discussion of it, including my (admittedly 20 years ago) study of Eiffel.
By hinkley 2025-10-286:18 And I remain confused by your confusion.
If A then B()
Versus
B()
Somewhere there’s a B without the associated query. Call it what you want, at the bottom of the tree two roads diverge. Otherwise there is no Separation in your CQS.
ETA: once you get down to the mutation point you aren’t just dealing with immutable data. You’re moving things around, often plural.
By hinkley 2025-10-2818:04 Found an example that is closer to how I learned about CQS:
https://hemath.dev/blog/command-query-separation/
Down at the bottom it gets into composition to make utility functions that compose several operations. Any OO system has to be careful not to expose methods that should have been private, so that’s not specific to CQS. It’s just that the opportunities to get it wrong increase and the consequences are higher.
By hackthemack 2025-10-2719:5812 reply I never liked encountering code that chains functions calls together like this
email.bulkSend(generateExpiryEmails(getExpiredUsers(db.getUsers(), Date.now())));
Many times, it has confused my co-workers when an error creeps in in regards to where is the error happening and why? Of course, this could just be because I have always worked with low effort co-workers, hard to say.
I have to wonder if programming should have kept pascals distinction between functions that only return one thing and procedures that go off and manipulate other things and do not give a return value.
> email.bulkSend(generateExpiryEmails(getExpiredUsers(db.getUsers(), Date.now())));
What makes it hard to reason about is that your code is one-dimensional, you have functions like `getExpiredUsers` and `generateExpiryEmails` which could be expressed as composition of more general functions. Here is how I would have written it in JavaScript:
The idea is that you have small but general functions, methods and properties and then use higher-order functions and methods to compose them on the fly. This makes the code two-dimensional. The outer dimension (`filter` and `map`) tells the reader what is done (take all users, pick out only some, then turn each one into something else) while the outer dimension tells you how it is done. Note that there is no function `getExpiredUsers` that receives all users, instead there is a simple and more general `isExpired` method which is combined with `filter` to get the same result.const emails = db.getUsers() .filter(user => user.isExpired(Date.now())) // Some property every user has .map(generateExpiryEmail); // Maps a single user to a message email.bulkSend(emails);In a functional language with pipes it could be written in an arguably even more elegant design:
I also like Python's generator expressions which can express `map` and `filter` as a single expression:db.getUsers() |> filter(User.isExpired(Date.now()) |> map(generateExpiryEmail) |> email.bulkSendemail.bulk_send(generate_expiry_email(user) for user in db.get_users() if user.is_expired(Date.now())By hackthemack 2025-10-2721:583 reply I guess I just never encounter code like this in the big enterprise code bases I have had to weed through.
Question. If you want to do one email for expired users and another for non expired users and another email for users that somehow have a date problem in their data....
Do you just do the const emails =
three different times?
In my coding world it looks a lot like doing a SELECT * ON users WHERE isExpired < Date.now
but in some cases you just grab it all, loop through it all, and do little switches to do different things based on different isExpired.
By rahimnathwani 2025-10-2722:18
Well, in that case you wouldn't want to pipe them all through generateExpiryEmail.If you want to do one email for expired users and another for non expired users and another email for users that somehow have a date problem in their data....But perhaps you can write a more generic function like generateExpiryEmailOrWhatever that understands the user object and contains the logic for what type of email to draft. It might need to output some flag if, for a particular user, there is no need to send an email. Then you could add a filter before the final (send) step.
since were just making up functions..
The whole pipeline thing is a red herring IMO.myCoolSubroutine = do now <- getCurrentTime users <- getUsers forM users (sendEmail now) sendEmail now user = if user.expiry <= now then sendExpiryEmail user else sendNonExpiryEmail userBy poncho_romero 2025-10-291:401 reply What language is this?
By aiiizzz 2025-10-2915:00 Looks like Haskell
> Question. If you want to do one email for expired users and another for non expired users and another email for users that somehow have a date problem in their data.... > > Do you just do the const emails = > > three different times?
If it's just two or three cases I might actually just copy-paste the entire thing. But let's assume we have twenty or so cases. I'll use Python notation because that's what I'm most familiar with. When I write `Callable[[T, U], V]` that means `(T, U) -> V`.
Let's first process one user at a time. We can define an enumeration for all our possible categories of user. Let's call this enumeration `UserCategory`. Then we can define a "categorization function" type which maps a user to its category:
I can then map each user to a tuple of category and user:type UserCategorization = Callable[[User], UserCategory]
Now I need a mapping from user category to processing function. I'll assume we call the processing function for side effects only and that it has no return value (`None` in Python):categorized_users = map(categorize, db.get_users()) # type Iterable[tuple[UserCategory, User]]
This mapping uses the user category to look up a function to apply to a user. We can now put it all together: map each user to a pair of the user's category and the user, then for each pair use the mapping to look up the processing function:type ProcessingSpec = Mapping[UserCategory, Callable[[User], None]
OK, that's processing one user a time, but what if we want to process users in batches? Meaning I want to get all expired users first, and then send a message to all of them at once instead of one at a time. We can actually reuse most of our code because how how generic it is. The main difference is that instead of using `map` we want to use some sort of `group_by` function. There is `itertools.groupby` in the Python standard library, but it's not exactly what we need, so let's write our own:def process_users(how: ProcessingSpec, categorize: UserCategorization) -> None: categorized_users = map(categorize, db.get_users()) for category, user in categorized_users: process = how[category] process(user)
Now we can categorize our users into batches based on their category:def group_by[T, U](what: Iterable[T], key: Callable[[T], U]) -> Mapping[U, list[T]]: result = defaultdict(list) # When we try to look up a key that does not exist defaultdict will create a new # entry with an empty list under that key for x in what: result[key(x)].append(x) return x
To process these batches we need a mapping from batch to a function which process an iterable of users instead of just a single user.batches = group_by(db.get_users(), categorize)
Now we can put it all together:type BatchProcessingSpec = Mapping[UserCategory, Callable[[Iterable[User]], None]
There are quite a lot of small building block functions, and if all I was doing was sending emails to users it would not make sense to write these small function that add indirection. However, in a large application these small functions become generic building blocks that I can use in higher-order functions to define more concrete routines. The `group_by` function can be used for many other purposes with any type. The categorization function was used for both one-at-a-time and batch processing.def process_batched_users(how: BatchProcessingSpec, categorize: UserCategorization) -> None: batches = group_by(db.get_users(), categorize) for category, users in batches: process = how[category] process(users)I have been itching to write a functional programming book for Python. I don't mean a "here is how to do FP in Python" book, you don't need that, the documentation of the standard library is good enough. I mean a "learn how to think FP in general, and we are going to use Python because you probably already know it". Python is not a functional language, but it is good enough to teach the principles and there is value in doing things with "one hand tied behind your back". The biggest hurdle in the past to learning FP was that books normally teach FP in a functional language, so now the reader has to learn two completely new things.
By nickpsecurity 2025-10-2812:45 Your post was very interesting in terms of how to translate requirements to a functional solution. You should write that book on how to do that.
In Elixir this would be written as:
I think Elixir hits the nail on the head when it comes to finding the right balance between functional and imperative style code.db.getUsers() |> getExpiredUsers(Date.now()) |> generateExpiryEmails() |> email.bulkSend()Not a single person in this thread commented on the use of Date.now() and similar - surely clock.now() - you never ever want to use global time in any code, how could you test it?
clock in this case is a thing that was supplied to the class or function. It could just be a function: () -> Instant.
(Setting a global mock clock is too evil, so don't suggest that!)
I was just referring to how pipes make these kinds of chained function calls more readable. But on your point, I think using Date.now() is perfectly ok.
> I think using Date.now() is perfectly ok.
This is why we have tests which we need to update every 3 months, because somebody said this. This is of course, after a ton of research went into finding out why the heck our tests broke suddenly.
I would call those badly-written tests. The current date/time exists outside the system and ought to be acceptable for mocks, and in python we have things like freezegun that make it easy to control without the usual pitfalls of mocks.
What are those mock pitfalls, which are avoided by freezegun which is a mock according even to them? IoC and Clocks solve the same problem. So what are the pitfalls of using those instead of this other mock?
By Izkata 2025-10-2818:09 Applying it to the wrong module, a very common mistake in python due to how imports work.
By vlovich123 2025-10-289:001 reply What happens during a daylight savings adjustment?
By POiNTx 2025-10-2810:27 You use UTC which doesn't adjust daylight savings.
By MarkMarine 2025-10-2814:551 reply nit picking on the example code while missing the example the code was trying to demonstrate. I see why TAOCP used pseudocode
By time4tea 2025-10-2818:47 Agreed! But i didnt miss the example.... i also thought it was interesting that all the various examples of declarative or applicative did Date.now(), which i see as a big thing to avoid.
By montebicyclelo 2025-10-2720:302 reply
(...Just another flavour of syntax to look at)bulk_send( generate_expiry_email(user) for user in db.getUsers() if is_expired(user, date.now()) )By whichdan 2025-10-2723:21 The nice thing with the Elixir example is that you can easily `tap()` to inspect how the data looks at any point in the pipeline. You can also easily insert steps into the pipeline, or reuse pipeline steps. And due to the way modules are usually organized, it would more realistically read like this, if we were in a BulkEmails module:
The nice thing here is that we can easily log to the console, and also filter out nil expiry emails. In production code, `generate_expiry_email/1` would likely return a Result (a tuple of `{:ok, email}` or `{:error, reason}`), so we could complicate this a bit further and collect the errors to send to a logger, or to update some flag in the db.Users.all() |> Enum.filter(&Users.is_expired?(&1, Date.utc_today())) |> Enum.map(&generate_expiry_email/1) |> tap(&IO.inspect(label: "Expiry Email")) |> Enum.reject(&is_nil/1) |> bulk_send()It just becomes so easy to incrementally add functionality here.
---
Quick syntax reference for anyone reading:
- Pipelines apply the previous result as the first argument of the next function
- The `/1` after a function name indicates the arity, since Elixir supports multiple dispatch
- `&fun/1` expands to `fn arg -> fun(arg) end`
- `&fun(&1, "something")` expands to `fn arg -> fun(arg, "something") end`
By Akronymus 2025-10-2720:45 Not sure I like how the binding works for user in this example, but tbh, I don't really have any better idea.
Writing custom monad syntax is definitely quite a nice benefit of functional languages IMO.
> I have to wonder if programming should have kept pascals distinction between functions that only return one thing and procedures that go off and manipulate other things and do not give a return value.
What you want is to use a language that has higher-kinded types and monads so that functions can have both effects (even multiple distinct kinds of effects) and return values, but the distinction between the two is clear, and when composing effectful functions you have to be explicit about how they compose. (You can still say "run these three possibly-erroring functions in a pipeline and return either the successful result or an error from whichever one failed", but you have to make a deliberate choice to).
Making a distinction between pure and effectful functions doesnt require any kind of effect system though.
Having a language where "func" defines a pure function and "proc" defines a procedure that can performed arbitrary side effects (as in any imperative language really) would still be really useful, I think
> Having a language where "func" defines a pure function and "proc" defines a procedure that can performed arbitrary side effects (as in any imperative language really) would still be really useful, I think
Rust tried that in the early days, the problem is no-one can agree on exactly what side effects make a function non-pure. You pay almost all the costs of a full effect system (and even have to add an extra language keyword) but get only some of the benefits.
By cestith 2025-10-2818:01 The definition I’ve used for my own projects is that anything that touches anything outside the function or in any way outlives the function is impure. It works pretty well for me. That is, no i/o, mutability of a function-local variable is okay but no touching other memory state (and that variable cannot outlive the return), the same function on the same input always produces the same output, and there’s no calling of impure code from within pure code. Notice this makes closures and currying impure unless done explicitly during function instantiation, making those things at least nominally part of the input syntactically. YMMV.
By stOneskull 2025-10-2812:28 nim does that. and they are called that.
I would have written each statement on its own line:
var users = db.getUsers();
var expiredUsers = getExpiredUsers(users, Date.now());
var expiryEmails = generateExpiryEmails(expiredUsers);
email.bulkSend(expiryEmails);
This is not only much easier to read, it's also easier to follow in a stack trace and it's easier to debug. IMO it's just flat out better unless you're code golfing.
I'd also combine the first two steps by creating a DB query that just gets expired users directly rather than fetching all users and filtering them in memory:
expiredUsers = db.getExpiredUsers(Date.now());
Now I'm probably mostly getting zero or a few users rather than thousands or millions.
By hackthemack 2025-10-2721:031 reply Yeah. I did not mention what I would do, but what you wrote is pretty much what I prefer. I guess nobody likes it these days because it is old procedural style.
By bccdee 2025-10-281:00 There's nothing procedural about binding return values to variables, so long as you aren't mutating them. Every functional language lets you do that. That's `let ... in` in Haskell.
By ajusa 2025-10-280:52 (author here)
This is actually closer to the way the first draft of this article was written. Unfortunately, some readability was lost to make it fit on a single page. 100% agree that a statement like this is harder to reason about and should be broken up into multiple statements or chained to be on multiple lines.
By netdevphoenix 2025-10-2817:02 Took me a bit of scrolling to find this. I believe most of the other folks are functional devs or something. The 5 functions on a single line wouldn't pass the code review in most .net/java shops.
The rule I was raised with was: you write the code once and someone in the future (even your future self) reads it 100 times.
You win nothing by having it all smashed together like sardines in a tin. Make it work, make it efficient and make it readable.
Glad to see this. This style seems like it’s out of vogue now, but I find it much, much easier to reason about.
By rifty 2025-10-285:25 I agree because it reads as it will process in the direction I normally read. But I do think one of the benefits of the function approach is that the scope isn't cluttered with staging variables.
For these reasons one of the things I like to do in Swift is set up a function called ƒ that takes a single closure parameter. This is super minimal because Swift doesn't require parenthesis for the trailing closure. It allows me to do the above inline without cluttering the scope while also not increasing the amount of redirection using discrete function declarations would cause.
The above then just looks like this:
ƒ { var users = db.getUsers(); var expiredUsers = getExpiredUsers(users, Date.now()); var expiryEmails = generateExpiryEmails(expiredUsers);\ email.bulkSend(expiryEmails); }
But then you are creating references with larger then needed "reachability".
By sfn42 2025-10-2810:54 I don't see a problem with that. This code would typically be inside it's own function anyway, but regardless I think your nitpick is less important than the readability benefit.
By shortrounddev2 2025-10-2815:14 It also invites exceptions as error handling instead of a monadic (result) pattern. I usually do something more like
This is in my "functional C++" style, but you can write pipe helpers which sort of do the same thing:Result<Users> userRes = getExpiredUsers(db); if(isError(userRes)) { return userRes.error; } /* This probably wouldn't actually need to return a Result IRL */ Result<Email> emailRes = generateExpireyEmails(userRes.value); if(isError(emailRes)) { return emailRes.error; } Result<SendResult> sendRes = sendEmails(emailRes.value); if(isError(sendRes)) { return sendRes.error; } return sendRes; // successful value, or just return a Unit type.
If an error result is returned by any of the functions, it terminates immediately and returns the error there. You can write this in most languages, even imperative/oop languages. In java, they have a built in class called Optional with options to treat null returns as empty:Result<SendResult> result = pipe(getExpiredUsers(db)) .then(generateExpireyEmails) .then(sendEmails) .result(); if(isError(result)) { return result.error; }
or something close to that, I haven't used java in a couple years.Optional.ofNullable(getExpiredUsers(db)) .map(EmailService::generateExpireyEmails) .map(EmailService::sendEmails) .orElse(null);C++ also added a std::expected type in C++23:
auto result = some_expected() .and_then(another_expected) .and_then(third_expected) .transform(/* ... some function here, I'm not familiar with the syntax*/);By solid_fuel 2025-10-281:01 I may have gotten nerd sniped here, but I believe all of these examples so far have some subtle errors. Using elixir syntax, I would think something like this covers most of the cases:
Mainly a lot of these examples do the expiry filtering on the application side instead of the database side, and most would send expiry emails multiple times which may or may not be desired behavior, but definitely isn't the best behavior if you automatically rerun this job when it fails.expiry_date = DateTime.now!("Etc/UTC") query = from u in User, where: u.expiry_date > ^expiry_date and u.expiry_email_sent == false, select: u MyAppRepo.all(query) |> Enum.map(u, &generate_expiry_emails(&1, expiry_date)) |> Email.bulkSend() # Returns {:ok, %User{}} or {:err, _reason} |> Enum.filter(fn {:ok, _} -> true _ -> false end) |> Enum.map(fn {:ok, user} -> User.changeset(user, %{expiry_email_sent: true}) |> Repo.update() end)----
Edit: I actually see a few problems with this, too, since Email.bulkSend probably shouldn't know about which user each email is for. I always see a small impedance mismatch with this sort of pipeline, since if we sent the emails individually it would be easy to wrap it in a small function that passes the user through on failure.
If I were going to build a user contacting system like this I would probably want a separate table tracking emails sent, and I think that the email generation could be made pure, the function which actually sends email should probably update a record including a unique email_type id and a date last sent, providing an interface like: `send_email(user_query, email_id, email_template_function)`
By Antibabelic 2025-10-2813:03 Ada is a great modern language that preserves the distinction between functions and procedures that you mention.
That's pretty hardcore, like you want to restrict the runtime substitution of function calls with their result values? Even Haskell doesn't go that far.
Generally you'd distinguish which function call introduces the error with the function call stack, which would include the location of each function's call-site, so maybe the "low-effort" label is accurate. But I could see a benefit in immediately knowing which functions are "pure" and "impure" in terms of manipulating non-local state. I don't think it changes any runtime behavior whatsoever, really, unless your runtime schedules function calls on an async queue and relies on the order in code for some reason.
My verdict is, "IDK", but worth investigating!
By hackthemack 2025-10-2721:14 It has been so long since I worked on the code that had chaining functions and caused problems that I am not sure I can do justice to describing the problems.
I vaguely remember the problem was one function returned a very structured array dealing with regex matches. But there was something wrong with the regex where once in a blue moon, it returned something odd.
So, the chained functions did not error. It just did something weird.
Whenever weird problems would pop up, it was always passed to me. And when I looked at it, I said, well...
I am going to rewrite this chain into steps and debug each return. Then run through many different scenarios and that was how I figured out the regex was not quite correct.
By mrkeen 2025-10-285:50 > you want to restrict the runtime substitution of function calls with their result values?
I don't get how you got there from parent comment.
Pascal just went with a needless syntax split of (side-effectful) methods and (side-effectful) functions.
By tags2k 2025-10-288:35 Since everyone's giving !opinions, in my C# DDD world you'd ideally be able to:
That then writes the "send expiry email" commands from the aggregate, to an outbox, which a worker then picks up to send. Simple, transactional domain logic._unitOfWork.Begin(); var users = await _usersRepo.Load(u => u.LastLogin <= whateverDate); users.CheckForExpiry(); _unitOfWork.Commit();By sandeepkd 2025-10-284:19 On the same page here, read it multiple times to see if I can convince my mind, this is bit off in terms of reading the code as its being executed. There are high chances of people making mistakes over the time with such patterns. As usual there is always a trade off involved, readability is the one taking hit here.
By MarkMarine 2025-10-2814:421 reply These chains become easy to read and understand with a small language feature like the pipe operator (elixir) or threading macro (clojure) that takes the output of one line and injects it into the left or rightmost function parameter. For example: (Elixir) "go " |> String.duplicate(3) # "go go go " |> String.upcase() # "GO GO GO " |> String.replace_suffix(" ", "!") # "GO GO GO!"
(Clojure) ;; Nested function calls (map double (filter even? '(1 2 3 4)))
;; Using the thread-last macro (->> '(1 2 3 4) (filter even?) ; The list is passed as the last argument (map double)) ; The result of filter is passed as the last argument ;=> (4.0 8.0)
Things like this have been added to python via a library (Pipe) [1] and there is a proposal to add this to JavaScript [2]
1: https://pypi.org/project/pipe/ 2: https://github.com/tc39/proposal-pipeline-operator
By netdevphoenix 2025-10-2816:561 reply If you get an exception, you might not know where it comes from unless you get a stack trace. Code looks nice but not practical imo
By MarkMarine 2025-10-302:26 I use Clojure all the time and I haven’t noticed the gripe you’ve got, but these are built in features of (somewhat) popular programming languages. Might not be for you but functional programming isn’t for everyone.
By fedlarm 2025-10-2720:34 You could write the logic in a more straight forward, but less composable way, so that all the logic resides in one pure function. This way you can also keep the code to only loop over the users once.
email.sendBulk(generateExpiryEmails(db.getUsers(), Date.now()));
