A more sensible way to break it down is by "something you have" (phone or YubiKey), "something you know" (password) and "something you are" (face or fingerprint).

Username and password are both something you know, so they count as just one factor. A card on the other hand is something you have, so combined with the PIN that's two factors.

Seems pretty similar to distributed rate limiting. But it's much simpler to solve the common case of overspending on a single API: give each API the same daily limit with no communication between APIs.

To be clear, buying back stock is one of the ways they can invest in Waymo (and other business units).

Since Alphabet buybacks mostly just offset employee stock compensation, the main thing they are getting for this money is employees.

While this may be true, it's a very common problem that people who want to demonstrate how bad a model is fail to provide a direct link or simply state the name of the model.